应变
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定义
材料在应力作用下变形量（长度变化量）与原长之比的无量纲值：ε = ΔL/L₀。
解释
A 1-meter steel rod that stretches 0.001 m under load has a strain of 0.001, or 0.1%. Steel remains elastic (returns to original shape) up to strains of about 0.2%. Beyond the yield strain, permanent plastic deformation occurs. Strain gauges bonded to structures measure deformation electrically, enabling real-time monitoring of bridges, aircraft wings, and medical implants.
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