应力
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定义
外力作用下材料内部单位面积上的力，以帕斯卡（Pa）或磅力每平方英寸（psi）为单位。
解释
A 10,000 N load spread over 0.01 m² produces 1 MPa (megapascal) of stress. Structural steel yields at around 250 MPa and fractures near 400–500 MPa. Engineers design bridges and buildings to keep stresses well below material yield points, with safety factors typically of 1.5–3x. Stress concentration at holes, notches, or cracks can multiply local stress many times above the average.
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