热膨胀
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定义
物质因温度变化而改变其体积的趋势，以热膨胀系数（CTE）表征，单位为1/°C或1/K。
解释
Steel expands about 12x10⁻⁶ per °C; a 100-meter steel bridge lengthens roughly 12 mm over a 100°C temperature swing. Engineers account for this with expansion joints in bridges, rail gaps, and building facades. Invar (an iron-nickel alloy) has a CTE near zero (1.2x10⁻⁶/°C), making it invaluable for precision instruments and telescope mirrors.
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